Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Garlic Producing Areas of Jinxiang
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摘要: 应用地积累指数、潜在生态风险指数、健康风险指数法和因子分析法对金乡县典型大蒜产区土壤重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）特征、污染源头及其潜在生态风险进行了评价分析。结果表明：该县大蒜产区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为16.27、0.18、63.05、32.79、0.15、32.05、20.71和80.47 mg kg−1，未超过《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》（HJ 332—2006）规定的上限值，即多数点位土壤重金属含量处于清洁水平。土壤重金属潜在生态风险低，且没有显著的人体健康风险。土壤中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn可能主要来自施肥、施药和灌溉等农业生产活动，As和Hg可能来自当地煤炭生产等工业活动产生的大气沉降。总体而言，从重金属含量角度评价，该地区土壤质量处于清洁水平，建议今后继续加强大蒜产地投入品的监管和当地煤炭生产及相关工业活动的脱尘处理，以保障大蒜产区土壤具有绿色可持续的生产能力。Abstract: To characterize the soil pollution, pollution source and potential ecological risk from heavy metals in the garlic producing area in Jinxiang, eight heavy metals were analyzed and evaluated by using geoaccumulation index, pollution index, potential ecological risk index, health risk index and factor analysis method. The results showed that the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn did not exceed the specified value prescribed by “Environmental Quality Standards for the Origin of Edible Agricultural Products”, indicating that heavy metals were at clean levels at most sites. The potential ecological risk of Cu, Hg, As, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn is low in soil in eight heavy metals, and there is no considerable non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic risks for children and adults from these elements. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn may mainly come from agricultural activities such as fertilization, pesticide application, and irrigation. As and Hg may come from atmospheric subsidence generated by local coal production activities. In all, the soil quality in this area is at a clean level. The supervision of inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water and the dust removal of local coal production and related industrial activities should be strengthened in the future to ensure the green and sustainable production capacity of soil in the garlic production area.
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图 2 大蒜产区土壤重金属地积累指数
Figure 2. Geoaccumulation index of soil heavy metals in garlic producing areas
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图 3 大蒜产区土壤重金属污染指数
Figure 3. Pollution index of soil heavy metals in garlic producing areas
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图 4 大蒜产区土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数
Figure 4. Potential ecological risk index of soil heavy metals in garlic producing areas
表 1 土壤重金属健康风险评价相关参数
Table 1 The parameter of health risk assessment for soil heavy metals
参数
Parameters单位
Units数值（成人，儿童）
Data（Adults，Child）重金属实测浓度/Ci mg kg−1 经手-口摄入频率/IngR mg d−1 100 200 呼吸频率/InhR m3 d−1 14.5 7.5 暴露频率/EF d a−1 350 350 平均体重/BW kg 56.8 15.9 暴露年限/ED a 30 6 平均暴露时间/AT d 10950 2190 灰尘排放因子/PEF m3 kg−1 1.36 × 109 1.36 × 109 暴露皮肤面积/SA cm2 5700 2800 皮肤表面土壤粘附系数/AF mg cm−2 0.2 0.2 皮肤接触吸收效率因子/ABS 无量纲 0.001 0.001 
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表 2 重金属不同暴露途径的参考剂量（RfD）和斜率因子（SF）
Table 2 References dose（RfD）for non-carcinogen metals and slope factors（SF）for carcinogen metals
重金属
Metals参考剂量（mg（kg d）−1）
RfD斜率因子（（kg d）mg−1）
SF手口摄入
Ingestion呼吸吸入
Inhalation皮肤接触
Dermal手口摄入
Ingestion呼吸吸入
Inhalation皮肤接触
DermalAs 3.00 × 10−4 1.23 × 10−4 1.23 × 10−4 1.50 × 100 1.51 × 101 1.50 × 100 Cd 1.00 × 10−3 1.00 × 10−5 1.00 × 10−5 6.10 × 100 6.30 × 100 − Cr 3.00 × 10−3 2.86 × 10−5 6.00 × 10−5 − 4.20 × 101 − Cu 4.00 × 10−2 4.02 × 10−2 1.20 × 10−2 − − − Hg 3.00 × 10−4 8.57 × 10−5 2.10 × 10−5 − − − Ni 2.00 × 10−2 2.06 × 10−3 5.40 × 10−3 − 8.40 × 10−1 − Pb 3.50 × 10−4 3.52 × 10−3 5.25 × 10−5 − 4.20 × 10−2 − Zn 3.00 × 10−1 3.00 × 10−1 6.00 × 10−2 − − − 注：−表示没有相关数据，RfD和SF数据来自文献[17，20-21].
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表 3 大蒜产区土壤重金属含量及相关标准
Table 3 Contents of soil heavy metals and related standards in garlic producing areas
As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 平均值（mg kg−1） 16.27 0.18 63.05 32.79 0.15 32.05 20.74 80.47 最小值（mg kg−1） 10.30 0.11 49.08 19.27 0.05 22.60 14.47 52.18 最大值（mg kg−1） 21.20 0.26 86.34 45.30 0.33 56.53 30.11 103.52 中位数（mg kg−1） 16.72 0.19 63.12 33.70 0.16 30.17 20.42 80.35 标准差（mg kg−1） 2.73 0.04 9.36 6.50 0.08 8.33 3.99 13.59 变异系数（%） 16.76 24.37 14.85 19.81 49.42 25.99 19.23 16.89 土壤背景值a（mg kg−1） 12.9 0.091 53.6 21.4 0.022 24.9 14.4 65.1 HJ332-2006b（mg kg−1） 20 0.4 250 100 0.35 60 50 300 GB15618-2018c（mg kg−1） 25 0.6 250 100 3.4 190 170 300 注：a为山东省潮土重金属背景值[12]，b为食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准（HJ 332—2006）[15]，c为土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）（GB 15618—2018）。
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表 4 重金属非致癌风险指数统计
Table 4 Statistics analysis for non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals
手口摄入非致癌风险商
HQingest呼吸吸入非致癌风险商
HQinhale皮肤接触非致癌风险商
HQdermal总非致癌风险商
HQ非致癌风险指数
HI成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
ChildAs 最小值 5.80 × 10−2 2.21 × 10−1 1.51 × 10−5 2.79 × 10−5 1.53 × 10−3 2.83 × 10−3 5.95 × 10−2 4.30 × 10−1 0.17 0.82 最大值 1.19 × 10−1 8.52 × 10−1 3.10 × 10−5 5.73 × 10−5 3.14 × 10−3 5.82 × 10−3 1.22 × 10−1 8.58 × 10−1 均值 9.16 × 10−2 4.12 × 10−1 2.38 × 10−5 4.40 × 10−5 2.41 × 10−3 4.47 × 10−3 9.40 × 10−2 6.59 × 10−1 Cd 最小值 1.92 × 10−4 1.37 × 10−3 2.04 × 10−6 3.78 × 10−6 2.19 × 10−4 3.83 × 10−4 4.12 × 10−4 1.87 × 10−3 最大值 4.39 × 10−4 3.14 × 10−3 4.68 × 10−6 8.65 × 10−6 5.00 × 10−4 8.78 × 10−4 9.44 × 10−4 4.02 × 10−3 均值 3.10 × 10−4 2.22 × 10−3 3.31 × 10−6 6.11 × 10−6 3.54 × 10−4 6.21 × 10−4 6.67 × 10−4 2.84 × 10−3 Cr 最小值 2.76 × 10−2 1.97 × 10−1 3.09 × 10−4 5.71 × 10−4 1.57 × 10−2 2.76 × 10−2 4.37 × 10−2 3.18 × 10−1 最大值 4.86 × 10−2 3.47 × 10−1 5.43 × 10−4 1.00 × 10−3 2.77 × 10−2 4.86 × 10−2 7.68 × 10−2 3.97 × 10−1 均值 3.55 × 10−2 2.54 × 10−1 3.97 × 10−4 7.33 × 10−4 2.02 × 10−2 3.55 × 10−2 5.61 × 10−2 2.90 × 10−1 Cu 最小值 8.13 × 10−4 5.81 × 10−3 8.63 × 10−8 1.59 × 10−7 3.09 × 10−5 5.42 × 10−5 8.44 × 10−4 8.16 × 10−3 最大值 1.91 × 10−3 1.37 × 10−2 2.03 × 10−7 3.75 × 10−7 7.27 × 10−5 1.27 × 10−4 1.98 × 10−3 1.38 × 10−2 均值 1.38 × 10−3 9.89 × 10−3 1.47 × 10−7 2.71 × 10−7 5.26 × 10−5 9.23 × 10−5 1.44 × 10−3 9.98 × 10−3 Hg 最小值 2.87 × 10−4 2.05 × 10−3 1.07 × 10−7 1.98 × 10−7 4.67 × 10−5 8.20 × 10−5 3.51 × 10−4 2.26 × 10−3 最大值 1.86 × 10−3 1.33 × 10−2 6.93 × 10−7 1.28 × 10−6 3.02 × 10−4 5.31 × 10−4 2.19 × 10−3 1.40 × 10−2 均值 9.77 × 10−4 6.98 × 10−3 3.24 × 10−7 6.00 × 10−7 1.42 × 10−4 2.48 × 10−4 1.15 × 10−3 7.42 × 10−3 Ni 最小值 1.91 × 10−3 1.36 × 10−2 1.97 × 10−7 3.65 × 10−7 8.05 × 10−5 1.41 × 10−4 1.99 × 10−3 2.02 × 10−2 最大值 4.77 × 10−3 3.41 × 10−2 4.94 × 10−7 9.13 × 10−7 2.01 × 10−4 3.54 × 10−4 4.97 × 10−3 3.44 × 10−2 均值 2.71 × 10−3 1.93 × 10−2 2.80 × 10−7 5.17 × 10−7 1.14 × 10−4 2.00 × 10−4 2.82 × 10−3 1.95 × 10−2 Pb 最小值 6.98 × 10−3 4.99 × 10−2 7.40 × 10−7 1.37 × 10−6 5.30 × 10−4 9.31 × 10−4 7.60 × 10−3 6.17 × 10−2 最大值 1.45 × 10−2 1.04 × 10−1 1.54 × 10−6 2.84 × 10−6 1.10 × 10−3 1.94 × 10−3 1.58 × 10−2 1.07 × 10−1 均值 1.00 × 10−2 7.15 × 10−2 1.06 × 10−6 1.96 × 10−6 7.60 × 10−4 1.33 × 10−3 1.09 × 10−2 7.36 × 10−2 Zn 最小值 2.94 × 10−4 2.10 × 10−3 3.13 × 10−8 2.16 × 10−7 1.67 × 10−5 2.94 × 10−5 3.10 × 10−4 2.58 × 10−3 最大值 5.83 × 10−4 4.16 × 10−3 6.21 × 10−8 4.28 × 10−7 3.32 × 10−5 5.83 × 10−5 6.16 × 10−4 4.22 × 10−3 均值 4.53 × 10−4 3.24 × 10−3 4.83 × 10−8 3.33 × 10−7 2.58 × 10−5 4.53 × 10−5 4.79 × 10−4 3.28 × 10−3
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表 5 重金属致癌风险指数值统计
Table 5 Statistics of carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals
手口摄入致癌风险商
CRingestion呼吸吸入致癌风险商
CRinhalation皮肤接触致癌风险商
CRdermal致癌风险指数
TCR成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
Child成人
Adults儿童
ChildAs 最小值 2.61 × 10−5 1.86 × 10−4 2.80 × 10−8 5.17 × 10−8 2.81 × 10−7 5.22 × 10−7 2.64 × 10−5 1.87 × 10−4 最大值 5.37 × 10−5 3.84 × 10−4 5.76 × 10−8 1.06 × 10−7 5.79 × 10−7 1.07 × 10−6 5.43 × 10−5 3.85 × 10−4 均值 4.12 × 10−5 2.94 × 10−4 4.42 × 10−8 8.17 × 10−8 4.45 × 10−7 8.24 × 10−7 4.17 × 10−5 2.95 × 10−4 Cd 最小值 1.17 × 10−6 8.35 × 10−6 1.29 × 10−10 2.38 × 10−10 − − 1.25 × 10−6 8.90 × 10−6 最大值 2.68 × 10−6 1.91 × 10−5 2.95 × 10−10 5.45 × 10−10 − − 2.38 × 10−6 1.70 × 10−5 均值 1.89 × 10−6 1.35 × 10−5 2.08 × 10−10 3.85 × 10−10 − − 1.89 × 10−6 1.35 × 10−5 Cr 最小值 − − 3.71 × 10−7 6.86 × 10−7 − − 3.71 × 10−7 6.86 × 10−7 最大值 − − 6.53 × 10−7 1.21 × 10−6 − − 6.53 × 10−7 1.21 × 10−6 均值 − − 4.77 × 10−7 8.81 × 10−7 − − 4.77 × 10−7 8.81 × 10−7 Ni 最小值 − − 3.42 × 10−9 6.31 × 10−9 − − 3.42 × 10−9 6.31 × 10−9 最大值 − − 8.55 × 10−9 1.58 × 10−8 − − 8.55 × 10−9 1.58 × 10−8 均值 − − 4.85 × 10−9 8.95 × 10−9 − − 4.85 × 10−9 8.95 × 10−9 Pb 最小值 − − 1.09 × 10−10 2.02 × 10−10 − − 1.09 × 10−10 2.02 × 10−10 最大值 − − 2.28 × 10-10 4.21 × 10−10 − − 2.28 × 10−10 4.21 × 10−10 均值 − − 1.57 × 10−10 2.90 × 10−10 − − 1.57 × 10−10 2.90 × 10−10 注：−表示无相关数据
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